The southern Comanche suffered epidemics of smallpox and cholera, which killed their head chief in 1849. ![]() Finally after more than a year of soliciting peace, only one of the many Comanche bands signed a treaty recognizing the jurisdiction of the United States in exchange for an agreement that no whites would be allowed on Indian lands without a pass from the President to establish trade. The United States sent representatives to the Comanche the following year to negotiate peace, but this initiative yielded no results. Situations changed when Texas joined the Union in 1845. The decreasing number of bison in northern Comanchería forced the northern bands of the Comanche to push into Texas. From that point until 1845, relations between the Republic of Texas and the Comanche were hostile. Lamar succeeded Sam Houston and favored a war of extermination against the Comanche.Ĭomanche leaders arrived in San Antonio for new peace negotiations in 1840, but 12 of these leaders were killed by Texans during the peace talks. The Comanche made a treaty with the Republic of Texas on May 29, 1838, but it was short lived. Northern bands of the Comanche, along with their Kiowa allies, made aggressive raids on the Anglo-American settlers in Texas who were encroaching on their lands between 18. Comanche leaders made an agreement with the United States on August 24, 1835, to share hunting lands with eastern tribes and allow safe passage for U.S. The Comanche later attended peace talks with federal representatives at Fort Gibson in present-day Oklahoma in 1834 along with other Southern Plains tribes. Sam Houston represented the United States in peace talks with the Comanche in San Antonio in 1832. The tribe strongly objected to other Indian tribes being removed to lands in present-day Oklahoma in the 1830s because it was part of their hunting grounds. The integrity of their hold on the Southern Plains was important to the Comanche. At the Battle of Wolf Creek in 1838 the Comanche suffered a major defeat, and consequently the Cheyenne and Arapaho remained along the northern border of Comanchería. The Cheyenne and Arapaho moved into areas along the upper Arkansas River in 1820, which provoked a war between the two tribes and the Comanche. As these eastern tribes encroached on the eastern borders of Comanchería, the Comanche engaged in intermittent conflicts with them. The Osage and other eastern tribes had obtained a large number of firearms compared to the Comanche through trade after ceding much of their lands to the United States. New conflicts started in 1802 when the Osage were pushed toward the Arkansas River. The Spanish-allied Ute and the Comanche fought constantly from 1749 until the Spaniards made peace with the Comanche in 1786. In 1836 the Comanche claimed all the land between the Arkansas River to the north, the Mexican settlements to the south, from present-day Taos and Santa Fe in New Mexico to the west, and Cross-Timbers in present-day Texas to the east. Once they defeated the Apache, Comanchería (Comanche Country) spanned as far south as the Río Grande. They fought the French-allied Jumano to the east, the Spaniards and the Spanish-allied tribes in present-day New Mexico to the west, and the Apache to the south. During this era of expansion, the Comanche engaged in conflicts with several groups. The Comanche started to spread throughout present-day eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma, and north western Texas in 1720, and they lived between the Platte River headwaters and the Kansas River by 1724. The Comanche moved south to the Arkansas River headwaters near the Smoky Hill River in present-day eastern Colorado and western Kansas by 1700. The key to the Comanche’s success on the Southern Plains was their superior skills with horses. Many tribes acquired their horses from the Comanche. The Comanche obtained horses from the Spanish in present-day New Mexico shortly after 1600, which allowed them to become one of the most powerful nomadic tribes of the Southern Plains. ![]() After the Comanche separated from the Shoshone, they became a distinct culture. Linguistically Shoshonean in origin, the Comanche once lived in the Snake River region of eastern Wyoming or on the Middle Loup River in Nebraska.
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